“History
is always written by the winners. When two cultures clash, the loser
is obliterated, and the winner writes the history books—books which
glorify their own cause and disparage the conquered foe. As Napoleon
once said, ‘What is history, but a fable agreed upon?’”
Robert Herzstein, center, presenting documents linking Kurt Waldheim to Nazi war crimes in 1986.Credit...Marilyn K. Yee/The New York Times
Robert Herzstein, a historian whose prodigious archival research on behalf of the World Jewish Congress helped uncover Kurt Waldheim’s veiled ties to Nazi war crimes, died on Jan. 24 at a hospice near his home in Columbia, S.C. He was 74.
The cause was multiple myeloma, his partner, Faye Flowers, said.
In
1979, when Mr. Waldheim, then the secretary general of the United
Nations, received an honorary doctorate at the University of South
Carolina, he was warmly greeted by Professor Herzstein, who taught
history there. Seven years later, Professor Herzstein was instrumental
in discovering that Mr. Waldheim was on a list of suspects wanted by the
United Nations’ own war crimes commission.
“Kurt
Waldheim did not, in fact, order, incite or personally commit what is
commonly called a war crime,” Professor Herzstein concluded in his book
about the investigation. “But this nonguilt must not be confused with
innocence. The fact that Waldheim played a significant role in military
units that unquestionably committed war crimes makes him at the very
least morally complicit in those crimes.”
Robert
Edwin Herzstein was born on Sept. 26, 1940, in Manhattan. His father,
Harold, a lawyer, was Mayor William O’Dwyer’s legislative representative
in Albany. His mother, Jean, was a homemaker.
He
attended the McBurney School and earned bachelor’s, master’s and
doctoral degrees from New York University. He taught at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Carnegie Institute of
Technology before joining the University of South Carolina faculty in
1972. He retired as distinguished professor emeritus of history in 2008.
His marriage to Daphne Newman Stassin ended in divorce in 1975.
He
wrote two biographies of Henry R. Luce, the Time magazine magnate, but
was best known for his Nazi-era scholarship in books that included
“Roosevelt and Hitler: Prelude to War,” “The War That Hitler Won,”
“Adolf Hitler and the German Trauma” and “Waldheim: The Missing Years,”
which was published in 1988.
Sinbad (or Sindbad) /ˈsɪnbæd/ the Sailor (Arabic: السندباد البحري, romanized: as-Sindibādu al-Baḥriyy) is a fictional mariner and the hero of a story-cycle of Middle Eastern origin. He is described as hailing from Baghdad during the early Abbasid Caliphate
(8th and 9th centuries A.D.). In the course of seven voyages throughout
the seas east of Africa and south of Asia, he has fantastic adventures
in magical realms, encountering monsters and witnessing supernatural phenomena.
gaseous chemical element, 1790, from French oxygène, coined in 1777 by French chemist Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1794), from Greek oxys "sharp, acid" (from PIE root *ak- "be sharp, rise (out) to a point, pierce") + French -gène "something that produces" (from Greek -genes "formation, creation;" see -gen). Intended to mean "acidifying (principle)," it was a Greeking of French principe acidifiant. So called because oxygen was then considered essential in the formation of acids (it is now known not to be). The element was isolated by Priestley (1774), who, using the old model of chemistry, called it dephlogisticated air. The downfall of the phlogiston theory required a new name, which Lavoisier provided. Oxygen-mask is attested from 1912.
The Great Oxidation Event (GOE), sometimes also called the Great Oxygenation Event, Oxygen Catastrophe, Oxygen Crisis, Oxygen Holocaust,[2] or Oxygen Revolution, was a time period when the Earth's atmosphere and the shallow ocean experienced a rise in oxygen
Geological, isotopic, and chemical evidence suggests that biologically produced molecular oxygen (dioxygen, O2) started to accumulate in Earth's atmosphere and changed Earth's atmosphere from a weakly reducing atmosphere to an oxidizing atmosphere, [4] causing many existing species on Earth to die out.
Gehenna, which in not translated as "hell" in several modern
translations, was the name of a deep, narrow valley (the valley of
Hinnom) that existed outside the gates of Jerusalem's southern end. In
ancient times, Israelites used it as a place where they could worship
and offer sacrifices to pagan gods like Baal and Molech."
He would travel the whole world entering every city except Mecca and Medina.[5]
As a false Messiah, it is believed that many will be deceived by him
and join his ranks, among them Jews, Bedouins, weavers, magicians.
Further he is assisted by an army of demons. Nevertheless, the most reliable supporters will be the Jews
The notion of Jews comprising the majority of Dajjals' followers is probably a remnant from Christian Antichrist legends.[6]
The Dajjal will be able to perform miracles, such as healing the sick,
raising the dead (although only when supported by his demonic followers
it seems), causing the earth to grow vegetation, causing livestock to
prosper and to die and stopping the sun's movement.
The Quranic Arabic form of David is Dāwud or Dāwūd, differing from KoineGreek: Δαυίδ and Syriac: ܕܘܝܕ, romanized: Dawīd (which follow Hebrew: דָּוִד, romanized: Dāwīd). These forms appear in the Quran sixteen times.
In both lists his name appears next to that of his son Solomon. Elsewhere, the Quran explains that God gave to both of them the gifts of "sound judgment" (ḥukm; 21:79) and "knowledge" (ʿilm; 21:79; 27:15). Yet the Quran also ascribes to David merits that distinguish him from Solomon: David killed Goliath (2:251[6]) and received a divine revelation named the Psalms (17:55 uses an indefinite form while 21:105 uses the definite form al-zabūr), presumably a reference to the Psalms or the Psalter (the term zabūr is perhaps related to Hebrewmizmōr or Syriacmazmūrā,
"psalm"). The mountains and the birds praised God along with David
(21:79; in 34:10 God commands them to do so; cf. Psalm 148:7–10). God
made David a "vicegerent" (khalīfa; 38:26), a title that the Quran otherwise gives only to Adam
(2:30). This title suggests that, to the Quran, David was something
more than a messenger: he was a divinely guided leader who established
God’s rule on earth.[5] This role is also suggested by 2:251: "God gave him authority (mulk) and wisdom (ḥikmah) and taught him what He willed. If God did not drive back some people by others, the earth would become corrupt."
Among the things taught to David was the ability to make armour (21:80,
34:10–11), a suggestion that David’s military exploits were the act of
God. It is also important that the Quranic reference to David's "wisdom"
was sometimes explained by the classical exegetes as the gift of
prophecy
David was given the ability to distinguish between truth and falsehood when dispensing justice
The Zabur is the holy book attributed to David by God, just as Musa (Moses) received the Tawrat (Torah), Isa (Jesus) received the Injil (Gospel) and Muhammad received the Quran. In the current Hebrew Bible, the Zabur
is known as the Psalms. However, like other scriptures of the past, the
Psalms are believed to have been corrupted over time, with some of the
original message now gone. Nonetheless, Muslims are told to treat the
present Psalms with immense respect because, in their original form,
they too were an inspired Book of God. The Quran states:
Your Lord knows whoever is in the
heavens and the earth. We exalted some of the prophets over the others;
and to David We gave the Book of Psalms.
The term Zabur is the Arabic equivalent of the HebrewZimra, meaning "song/music." It, along with Zamir ("song") and Mizmor ("Psalm"), is a derivative of Zamar, meaning "sing", "sing praise", "make music". Thus, David is also usually attributed the gifts of music and song.
The Arabic word zabūr means "book" "inscription," or "writing." [2]
An alternate, less accepted origin for the title zabuur in the meaning of "psalm" is that it is a corruption of the Hebrewzimrah (Hebrew: זִמְרָה) meaning "song, music" or sipur (Hebrew: סִפּוּר), meaning "story.
In the Qur'an, the Zabur is mentioned by name only three times. The
Qur'an itself says nothing about the Zabur specifically, except that it
was revealed to Dawud and that in the Zabur is written "My servants the
righteous, shall inherit the earth".[
Narrated Abu Huraira:
The Prophet said, "The reciting of the Zabur (i.e. Psalms) was made easy
for David. He used to order that his riding animals be saddled, and
would finish reciting the Zabur before they were saddled. And he would
never eat except from the earnings of his manual work."
The word Injil is also used in the Quran, the Hadith and early Muslim documents to refer to both a book and revelations made by God to Jesus.
The Arabic word Injil (إنجيل) as found in Islamic texts, and now used also by Muslim non-Arabs and Arab non-Muslims, is derived from the SyriacAramaic word awongaleeyoon (ܐܘܢܓܠܝܘܢ) found in the Peshitta (Syriac translation of the Bible),[1] which in turn derives from the Greek word euangelion (Εὐαγγέλιον)[2] of the originally Greek language New Testament, where it means "good news" (from Greek "Εὐ αγγέλιον"; Old English "gōdspel"; Modern English "gospel", or "evangel" as an archaism, cf. e.g. Spanish "evangelio") The word Injil occurs twelve times in the Quran.
Old English spell "story, saying, tale, history, narrative, fable; discourse, command
From c. 1200 as "an utterance, something said, a statement, remark;"
meaning "set of words with supposed magical or occult powers,
incantation, charm" first recorded 1570s; hence any means or cause of
enchantment.
The term 'spell' is generally used for magical procedures which cause
harm, or force people to do something against their will -- unlike
charms for healing, protection, etc. ["Oxford Dictionary of English
Folklore"]
Also in Old English, "doctrine; a sermon; religious instruction or teaching; the gospel; a book of the Bible;" compare gospel.
"work in place of (another)," 1590s, earlier spele, from Old English spelian "to take the place of, be substitute for, represent," related to gespelia "substitute," of uncertain origin
"relieve another by taking a turn of work" came the sense "interval of
rest or relaxation" (1845), which took the word to a sense opposite what
it had at the start.
12 A
great portent appeared in heaven: a woman clothed with the sun, with
the moon under her feet, and on her head a crown of twelve stars. 2 She was pregnant and was crying out in birth pangs, in the agony of giving birth. 3 Then another portent appeared in heaven: a great red dragon, with seven heads and ten horns, and seven diadems on his heads. 4 His
tail swept down a third of the stars of heaven and threw them to the
earth. Then the dragon stood before the woman who was about to bear a
child, so that he might devour her child as soon as it was born. 5 And she gave birth to a son, a male child, who is to rule[a] all the nations with a rod of iron. But her child was snatched away and taken to God and to his throne; 6 and
the woman fled into the wilderness, where she has a place prepared by
God, so that there she can be nourished for one thousand two hundred
sixty days.
Michael Defeats the Dragon
7 And war broke out in heaven; Michael and his angels fought against the dragon. The dragon and his angels fought back, 8 but they were defeated, and there was no longer any place for them in heaven. 9 The
great dragon was thrown down, that ancient serpent, who is called the
Devil and Satan, the deceiver of the whole world—he was thrown down to
the earth, and his angels were thrown down with him.
10 Then I heard a loud voice in heaven, proclaiming,
“Now have come the salvation and the power and the kingdom of our God and the authority of his Messiah,[b] for the accuser of our comrades[c] has been thrown down, who accuses them day and night before our God. 11 But they have conquered him by the blood of the Lamb and by the word of their testimony, for they did not cling to life even in the face of death. 12 Rejoice then, you heavens and those who dwell in them! But woe to the earth and the sea, for the devil has come down to you with great wrath, because he knows that his time is short!”
Comments
The Nazis
(World War II #21)
Robert Herzstein, a historian whose prodigious archival research on behalf of the World Jewish Congress helped uncover Kurt Waldheim’s veiled ties to Nazi war crimes, died on Jan. 24 at a hospice near his home in Columbia, S.C. He was 74.
The cause was multiple myeloma, his partner, Faye Flowers, said.
In 1979, when Mr. Waldheim, then the secretary general of the United Nations, received an honorary doctorate at the University of South Carolina, he was warmly greeted by Professor Herzstein, who taught history there. Seven years later, Professor Herzstein was instrumental in discovering that Mr. Waldheim was on a list of suspects wanted by the United Nations’ own war crimes commission.
“Kurt Waldheim did not, in fact, order, incite or personally commit what is commonly called a war crime,” Professor Herzstein concluded in his book about the investigation. “But this nonguilt must not be confused with innocence. The fact that Waldheim played a significant role in military units that unquestionably committed war crimes makes him at the very least morally complicit in those crimes.”
Robert Edwin Herzstein was born on Sept. 26, 1940, in Manhattan. His father, Harold, a lawyer, was Mayor William O’Dwyer’s legislative representative in Albany. His mother, Jean, was a homemaker.
He attended the McBurney School and earned bachelor’s, master’s and doctoral degrees from New York University. He taught at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Carnegie Institute of Technology before joining the University of South Carolina faculty in 1972. He retired as distinguished professor emeritus of history in 2008.
His marriage to Daphne Newman Stassin ended in divorce in 1975.
He wrote two biographies of Henry R. Luce, the Time magazine magnate, but was best known for his Nazi-era scholarship in books that included “Roosevelt and Hitler: Prelude to War,” “The War That Hitler Won,” “Adolf Hitler and the German Trauma” and “Waldheim: The Missing Years,” which was published in 1988.
Intended to mean "acidifying (principle)," it was a Greeking of French principe acidifiant. So called because oxygen was then considered essential in the formation of acids (it is now known not to be). The element was isolated by Priestley (1774), who, using the old model of chemistry, called it dephlogisticated air. The downfall of the phlogiston theory required a new name, which Lavoisier provided. Oxygen-mask is attested from 1912.
The name djall derives from the Latin diabolus, "devil".[3] Alternative forms are dreqi from the Latin draco, "dragon",[4] satan and shejtan.
The Zabur is the holy book attributed to David by God, just as Musa (Moses) received the Tawrat (Torah), Isa (Jesus) received the Injil (Gospel) and Muhammad received the Quran. In the current Hebrew Bible, the Zabur is known as the Psalms. However, like other scriptures of the past, the Psalms are believed to have been corrupted over time, with some of the original message now gone. Nonetheless, Muslims are told to treat the present Psalms with immense respect because, in their original form, they too were an inspired Book of God. The Quran states:
Your Lord knows whoever is in the heavens and the earth. We exalted some of the prophets over the others; and to David We gave the Book of Psalms.
— Quran, sura 17 (Al-Isra), ayah 55The Arabic word zabūr means "book" "inscription," or "writing." [2]
An alternate, less accepted origin for the title zabuur in the meaning of "psalm" is that it is a corruption of the Hebrew zimrah (Hebrew: זִמְרָה) meaning "song, music" or sipur (Hebrew: סִפּוּר), meaning "story.One hadith, considered valid by Muhammad al-Bukhari, says:
I will give authority over the nations;
27 to rule[c] them with an iron rod,
as when clay pots are shattered—
The Woman and the Dragon
12 A great portent appeared in heaven: a woman clothed with the sun, with the moon under her feet, and on her head a crown of twelve stars. 2 She was pregnant and was crying out in birth pangs, in the agony of giving birth. 3 Then another portent appeared in heaven: a great red dragon, with seven heads and ten horns, and seven diadems on his heads. 4 His tail swept down a third of the stars of heaven and threw them to the earth. Then the dragon stood before the woman who was about to bear a child, so that he might devour her child as soon as it was born. 5 And she gave birth to a son, a male child, who is to rule[a] all the nations with a rod of iron. But her child was snatched away and taken to God and to his throne; 6 and the woman fled into the wilderness, where she has a place prepared by God, so that there she can be nourished for one thousand two hundred sixty days.
Michael Defeats the Dragon
7 And war broke out in heaven; Michael and his angels fought against the dragon. The dragon and his angels fought back, 8 but they were defeated, and there was no longer any place for them in heaven. 9 The great dragon was thrown down, that ancient serpent, who is called the Devil and Satan, the deceiver of the whole world—he was thrown down to the earth, and his angels were thrown down with him.
10 Then I heard a loud voice in heaven, proclaiming,
“Now have come the salvation and the power
and the kingdom of our God
and the authority of his Messiah,[b]
for the accuser of our comrades[c] has been thrown down,
who accuses them day and night before our God.
11 But they have conquered him by the blood of the Lamb
and by the word of their testimony,
for they did not cling to life even in the face of death.
12 Rejoice then, you heavens
and those who dwell in them!
But woe to the earth and the sea,
for the devil has come down to you
with great wrath,
because he knows that his time is short!”