7 Now when the king was settled in his house, and the Lord had given him rest from all his enemies around him, 2 the king said to the prophet Nathan, “See now, I am living in a house of cedar, but the ark of God stays in a tent.” 3 Nathan said to the king, “Go, do all that you have in mind; for the Lord is with you.”
4 But that same night the word of the Lord came to Nathan: 5 Go and tell my servant David: Thus says the Lord: Are you the one to build me a house to live in? 6 I
have not lived in a house since the day I brought up the people of
Israel from Egypt to this day, but I have been moving about in a tent
and a tabernacle. 7 Wherever I have moved about among all the people of Israel, did I ever speak a word with any of the tribal leaders[a] of Israel, whom I commanded to shepherd my people Israel, saying, “Why have you not built me a house of cedar?” 8 Now therefore thus you shall say to my servant David: Thus says the Lord of hosts: I took you from the pasture, from following the sheep to be prince over my people Israel; 9 and
I have been with you wherever you went, and have cut off all your
enemies from before you; and I will make for you a great name, like the
name of the great ones of the earth. 10 And
I will appoint a place for my people Israel and will plant them, so
that they may live in their own place, and be disturbed no more; and
evildoers shall afflict them no more, as formerly, 11 from the time that I appointed judges over my people Israel; and I will give you rest from all your enemies. Moreover the Lord declares to you that the Lord will make you a house. 12 When
your days are fulfilled and you lie down with your ancestors, I will
raise up your offspring after you, who shall come forth from your body,
and I will establish his kingdom. 13 He shall build a house for my name, and I will establish the throne of his kingdom forever. 14 I
will be a father to him, and he shall be a son to me. When he commits
iniquity, I will punish him with a rod such as mortals use, with blows
inflicted by human beings. 15 But I will not take[b] my steadfast love from him, as I took it from Saul, whom I put away from before you. 16 Your house and your kingdom shall be made sure forever before me;[c] your throne shall be established forever. 17 In accordance with all these words and with all this vision, Nathan spoke to David.
45 Thus says the Lord to his anointed, to Cyrus, whose right hand I have grasped to subdue nations before him and strip kings of their robes, to open doors before him— and the gates shall not be closed: 2 I will go before you and level the mountains,[a] I will break in pieces the doors of bronze and cut through the bars of iron, 3 I will give you the treasures of darkness and riches hidden in secret places, so that you may know that it is I, the Lord, the God of Israel, who call you by your name. 4 For the sake of my servant Jacob, and Israel my chosen, I call you by your name, I surname you, though you do not know me. 5 I am the Lord, and there is no other; besides me there is no god. I arm you, though you do not know me, 6 so that they may know, from the rising of the sun and from the west, that there is no one besides me; I am the Lord, and there is no other. 7 I form light and create darkness, I make weal and create woe; I the Lord do all these things.
8 Shower, O heavens, from above, and let the skies rain down righteousness; let the earth open, that salvation may spring up,[b] and let it cause righteousness to sprout up also; I the Lord have created it.
The title is commonly seen as equivalent to that of Emperor, both titles outranking that of king in prestige, stemming from the medieval Byzantine emperors who saw the Shahanshahs of the Sasanian Empire as their equals. The last reigning monarchs to use the title of Shahanshah, those of the Pahlavi dynasty in Iran (1925–1979), also equated the title with "Emperor". The rulers of the Ethiopian Empire used the title of Nəgusä Nägäst
(literally "King of Kings"), which was officially translated into
"Emperor". The female variant of the title, as used by the Ethiopian Zewditu, was Queen of Kings (Ge'ez: Nəgəstä Nägäst). In the Sasanian Empire, the female variant used was Queen of Queens (Middle Persian: bānbishnān bānbishn).
King of the Four Corners of the World (Sumerian: lugal-an-ub-da-limmu-ba,[1]Akkadian: šarru kibrat 'arbaim,[2]šar kibrāti arba'i,[3] or šar kibrāt erbetti[4]), alternatively translated as King of the Four Quarters of the World, King of the Heaven's Four Corners or King of the Four Corners of the Universe[5] and often shortened to simply King of the Four Corners,[3][6] was a title of great prestige claimed by powerful monarchs in ancient Mesopotamia.
Though the term "four corners of the world" does refer to specific
geographical places within and near Mesopotamia itself, these places
were at the time the title was first used thought to represent locations
near the actual edges of the world and as such, the title should be
interpreted as something equivalent to "King of all the known world", a claim to universal rule over the entire world and everything within it.
The title was first used by Naram-Sin of the Akkadian Empire in the 23rd century BC and was later used by the rulers of the Neo-Sumerian Empire,
after which it fell into disuse. It was revived as a title by a number
of Assyrian rulers, becoming especially prominent during the Neo-Assyrian Empire. The final ruler to claim the title was the first Persian Achaemenid king, Cyrus the Great, after his conquest of Babylon in 539 BC.
It is possible, at least among Assyrian rulers, that the title of
King of the Four Corners was not inherited through normal means. As the
title is not attested for all Neo-Assyrian kings and for some only
attested several years into their reign it is possible that it might
have had to be earned by each king individually, possibly through
completing successful military campaigns in all four points of the
compass. The similar title of šar kiššatim
("King of Everything" or "King of the Universe"), also with Akkadian
origins and attested for some of the Neo-Assyrian kings, may have
required seven successful military campaigns. The difference between the
exact meaning of the two titles may have been that "King of the
Universe" laid claim to the cosmological realm whereas "King of the Four
Corners of the World" laid claim to the terrestrial.
Ball lightning is an unexplained phenomenon described as luminescent, spherical objects that vary from pea-sized to several meters in diameter. Though usually associated with thunderstorms, the phenomenon is said to last considerably longer than the split-second flash of a lightning bolt. Some nineteenth century reports[1][2]
describe balls that eventually explode and leave behind an odor of
sulfur. Descriptions of ball lightning appear in a variety of accounts
over the centuries, and have received much attention from scientists.[3]
An optical spectrum of what appears to have been a ball-lightning event
was published in January 2014, and included a video at high frame-rate.[4][5]
Laboratory experiments have produced effects that are visually similar
to reports of ball lightning, but how these relate to the supposed
phenomenon remains unclear.[6][7]
Scientists have proposed a number of hypotheses to explain
reports of ball lightning over the centuries, but scientific data on
ball lightning remains scarce.
There
is at present no widely accepted explanation for ball lightning.
Several hypotheses have been advanced since the phenomenon was brought
into the scientific realm by the English physician and electrical
researcher William Snow Harris in 1843,[61] and French Academy scientist François Arago in 1855.[62]
Vaporized silicon hypothesis
This hypothesis suggests that ball lightning consists of vaporized silicon burning
through oxidation. Lightning striking Earth's soil could vaporize the
silica contained within it, and somehow separate the oxygen from the
silicon dioxide, turning it into pure silicon vapor. As it cools, the
silicon could condense into a floating aerosol, bound by its charge,
glowing due to the heat of silicon recombining with oxygen.
An experimental investigation of this effect, published in 2007,
reported producing "luminous balls with lifetime in the order of
seconds" by evaporating pure silicon with an electric arc.[60][63][64] Videos and spectrographs of this experiment have been made available.[65][66]
This hypothesis got significant supportive data in 2014, when the first
ever recorded spectra of natural ball lightning were published.[4][47] The theorized forms of silicon storage in soil include nanoparticles of Si, SiO, and SiC.[67]
Matthew Francis has dubbed this the "dirt clod hypothesis", in which the
spectrum of ball lightning shows that it shares chemistry with soil.[68]
Electrically charged solid-core model
In
this model ball lightning is assumed to have a solid, positively
charged core. According to this underlying assumption, the core is
surrounded by a thin electron layer with a charge nearly equal in
magnitude to that of the core. A vacuum exists between the core and the
electron layer containing an intense electromagnetic (EM) field, which is reflected and guided by the electron layer. The microwave EM field applies a ponderomotive force (radiation pressure) to the electrons preventing them from falling into the core.[69][70]
Microwave cavity hypothesis
Pyotr Kapitsa
proposed that ball lightning is a glow discharge driven by microwave
radiation that is guided to the ball along lines of ionized air from
lightning clouds where it is produced. The ball serves as a resonant
microwave cavity, automatically adjusting its radius to the wavelength
of the microwave radiation so that resonance is maintained.[71][72]
The Handel Maser-Soliton theory of ball lightning hypothesizes
that the energy source generating the ball lightning is a large (several
cubic kilometers) atmospheric maser. The ball lightning appears as a plasma caviton at the antinodal plane of the microwave radiation from the maser.[73]
In 2017, Researchers from Zhejiang University in Hangzhou, China,
have proposed that the bright glow of lightning balls is created when
microwaves become trapped inside a plasma bubble. At the tip of a
lightning stroke reaching the ground, a relativistic electron bunch can
be produced when in contact with microwave radiation.
[74]
The latter ionizes the local air and the radiation pressure evacuates
the resulting plasma, forming a spherical plasma bubble that stably
traps the radiation. Microwaves trapped inside the ball continue to
generate plasma for a moment to maintain the bright flashes described in
observer accounts. The ball eventually fades as the radiation held
within the bubble starts to decay and microwaves are discharged from the
sphere. The lightning balls can dramatically explode as the structure
destabilizes. The theory could explain many of the strange
characteristics of ball lightning. For instance, microwaves are able to
pass through glass, which helps to explain why balls could be formed
indoors.
Julio Rubinstein,[75]David Finkelstein, and James R. Powell proposed that ball lightning is a detached St. Elmo's fire (1964–1970).[citation needed]
St. Elmo's fire arises when a sharp conductor, such as a ship's mast,
amplifies the atmospheric electric field to breakdown. For a globe the
amplification factor is 3. A free ball of ionized[further explanation needed] air can amplify the ambient field this much by its own conductivity. When this maintains the ionization, the ball is then a soliton in the flow of atmospheric electricity.
Powell's kinetic theory calculation found that the ball size is
set by the second Townsend coefficient (the mean free path of conduction
electrons) near breakdown. Wandering glow discharges are found to occur
within certain industrial microwave ovens and continue to glow for
several seconds after power is shut off. Arcs
drawn from high-power low-voltage microwave generators also are found
to exhibit afterglow. Powell measured their spectra, and found that the
after-glow comes mostly from metastable NO
ions, which are long-lived at low temperatures. It occurred in air and
in nitrous oxide, which possess such metastable ions, and not in
atmospheres of argon, carbon dioxide, or helium, which do not.
The soliton model of a ball lightning was further developed.[76][77][78]
It was suggested that a ball lightning is based on spherically
symmetric nonlinear oscillations of charged particles in plasma – the
analogue of a spatial Langmuir soliton.[79] These oscillations were described in both classical[77][78] and quantum[76][80]
approaches. It was found that the most intense plasma oscillations
occur in the central regions of a ball lightning. It is suggested that
bound states of radially oscillating charged particles with oppositely
oriented spins – the analogue of Cooper pairs – can appear inside a ball
lightning.[80][81]
This phenomenon, in its turn, can lead to a superconducting phase in a
ball lightning. The idea of the superconductivity in a ball lightning
was considered earlier.[82][83] The possibility of the existence of a ball lightning with a composite core was also discussed in this model.
Hydrodynamic vortex ring antisymmetry
Physicist Domokos Tar suggested the following theory for ball lightning formation based on his ball lightning observation.[35][85] Lightning strikes perpendicular to the ground, and thunder follows immediately at supersonic speed in the form of shock waves[37]
that form an invisible aerodynamic turbulence ring horizontal to the
ground. Around the ring, over and under pressure systems rotate the
vortex around a circular axis in the cross section of the torus. At the
same time, the ring expands concentrically parallel to the ground at low
speed.
In an open space, the vortex fades and finally disappears. If the
vortex's expansion is obstructed, and symmetry is broken, the vortex
breaks into cyclical form. Still invisible, and due to the central and
surface tension-forces, it shrinks to an intermediate state of a
cylinder, and finally into a ball. The resulting transformation
subsequently becomes visible once the energy is concentrated into the
final spherical stage.
The ball lightning has the same rotational axis as the rotating
cylinder. As the vortex has a much smaller vector of energy compared to
the overall energy of the reactant sonic shock wave, its vector is
likely fractional to the overall reaction. The vortex, during
contraction, gives the majority of its energy to form the ball
lightning, achieving nominal energy loss.
In some observations, the ball lightning appeared to have an extremely high energy concentration[85]
but this phenomenon hasn't been adequately verified. The present theory
concerns only the low energy lightning ball form, with centripetal
forces and surface tension. The visibility of the ball lightning can be
associated with electroluminescence, a direct result of the
triboelectric effect from materials within the area of the reaction.
Static discharge from the cylindrical stage imply the existence of
contact electrification within the object. The direction of the
discharges indicate the cylinder's rotation, and resulting rotational
axis of the ball lightning in accordance to the law of laminar flow. If
the ball came from the channel, it would have rotated in the opposite
direction.
One theory that may account for the wide spectrum of observational evidence is the idea of combustion inside the low-velocity region of spherical vortex breakdown of a natural vortex[vague] (e.g., the 'Hill's spherical vortex').
Oleg
Meshcheryakov suggests that ball lightning is made of composite nano or
submicrometer particles—each particle constituting a battery. A surface discharge shorts these batteries, causing a current that forms the ball. His model is described as an aerosol model that explains all the observable properties and processes of ball lightning.[87][88]
Buoyant plasma hypothesis
The declassified Project Condign report concludes that buoyant charged plasma
formations similar to ball lightning are formed by novel physical,
electrical, and magnetic phenomena, and that these charged plasmas are
capable of being transported at enormous speeds under the influence and
balance of electrical charges in the atmosphere. These plasmas appear to
originate due to more than one set of weather and electrically charged
conditions, the scientific rationale for which is incomplete or not
fully understood. One suggestion is that meteors breaking up in the
atmosphere and forming charged plasmas as opposed to burning completely
or impacting as meteorites could explain some instances of the
phenomena, in addition to other unknown atmospheric events.[89]
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
Cooray and Cooray (2008)[90] stated that the features of hallucinations experienced by patients having epileptic seizures in the occipital lobe
are similar to the observed features of ball lightning. The study also
showed that the rapidly changing magnetic field of a close lightning
flash is strong enough to excite the neurons in the brain. This
strengthens the possibility of lightning-induced seizure in the
occipital lobe of a person close to a lightning strike, establishing the
connection between epileptic hallucination mimicking ball lightning and thunderstorms.
More recent research with transcranial magnetic stimulation has been shown to give the same hallucination results in the laboratory (termed magnetophosphenes), and these conditions have been shown to occur in nature near lightning strikes.[91][92]
This hypothesis fails to explain observed physical damage caused by ball
lightning or simultaneous observation by multiple witnesses. (At the
very least, observations would differ substantially.)[citation needed]
Theoretical calculations from University of Innsbruck
researchers suggest that the magnetic fields involved in certain types
of lightning strikes could potentially induce visual hallucinations
resembling ball lightning.[91]
Such fields, which are found within close distances to a point in which
multiple lightning strikes have occurred over a few seconds, can
directly cause the neurons in the visual cortex to fire, resulting in magnetophosphenes (magnetically induced visual hallucinations).[93]
Spinning plasma toroid (ring)
Seward proposes that ball lightning is a spinning plasma toroid
or ring. He built a lab that produces lightning level arcs, and by
modifying the conditions he produced bright, small balls that mimic ball
lightning and persist in atmosphere after the arc ends. Using a high
speed camera he was able to show that the bright balls were spinning
plasma toroids.[94]
Chen was able to derive the physics and found that there is a
class of plasma toroids that remain stable with or without an external
magnetic containment, a new plasma configuration unlike anything
reported elsewhere.[95]
Seward published images of the results of his experiments, along
with his method. Included is a report by a farmer of observing a ball
lightning event forming in a kitchen and the effects it caused as it
moved around the kitchen. This is the only eye witness account of ball
lightning forming, then staying in one area, then ending that the author
has heard of.
Manykin et al. have suggested atmospheric Rydberg matter as an explanation of ball lightning phenomena.[97] Rydberg matter is a condensed form of highly excited atoms in many aspects similar to electron-hole droplets in semiconductors.[98][99]
However, in contrast to electron-hole droplets, Rydberg matter has an
extended life-time—as long as hours. This condensed excited state of matter is supported by experiments, mainly of a group led by Holmlid.[100]
It is similar to a liquid or solid state of matter with extremely low
(gas-like) density. Lumps of atmospheric Rydberg matter can result from
condensation of highly excited atoms that form by atmospheric electrical
phenomena, mainly due to linear lightning. Stimulated decay of Rydberg
matter clouds can, however, take the form of an avalanche, and so appear
as an explosion.
Vacuum hypothesis
Nikola Tesla (1899 December) theorized that the balls consist of highly rarefied (but hot) gas.[49]
Other hypotheses
Several other hypotheses have been proposed to explain ball lightning:
Spinning electric dipole hypothesis. A 1976 article by V. G. Endean postulated that ball lightning could be described as an electric field vector spinning in the microwave frequency region.[101]
Electrostatic
Leyden jar models. Stanley Singer discussed (1971) this type of
hypothesis and suggested that the electrical recombination time would be
too short for the ball lightning lifetimes often reported.[102]
H. C. Wu proposed (2016) that ball lightning arises when a
"relativistic electron bunch" forming at the tip of a lightning stroke
excites "intense microwave radiation" under certain conditions. As the
microwaves ionize the surrounding air, their associated pressure may
then evacuate the resulting plasma to form a bubble that "stably traps
the radiation".[104]
A. Meessen presented a theory at the 10th International Symposium on
Ball Lightning (June 21–27, 2010, Kaliningrad, Russia) explaining all
known properties of ball lightning in terms of collective oscillations
of free electrons. The simplest case corresponds to radial oscillations
in a spherical plasma membrane. These oscillations are sustained by
parametric amplification, resulting from regular "inhalation" of charged
particles that are present at lower densities in the ambient air. Ball
lightning vanishes thus by silent extinction when the available density
of charged particles is too low, while it disappears with a loud and
sometimes very violent explosion when this density is too high.
Electronic oscillations are also possible as stationary waves in a
plasma ball or thick plasma membrane. This yields concentric luminous
bubbles.
4 But that same night the word of the Lord came to Nathan: 5 Go and
tell my servant David: Thus says the Lord: Are you the one to build me a
house to live in? 6 I
have not lived in a house since the day I brought up the people of
Israel from Egypt to this day, but I have been moving about in a tent
and a tabernacle.
https://xenosaga.fandom.com/wiki/Zohar_(Xenogears) Zohar... It is what drives all of the Gears
on this planet. It is the master generator that transmits its energy to
the slave generators in our Gears. It is also the source of all the Ether
power that the inhabitants of this planet utilize. By utilizing the
energy displacements caused by actualizing potential future
phenomenon... this 'Zohar Modifier' has the ability to produce infinite
amounts of energy.
A gear is a rotating circular machine part having cut teeth or, in the case of a cogwheel or gearwheel, inserted teeth (called cogs), which mesh with another toothed part to transmit torque. A gear may also be known informally as a cog. Geared devices can change the speed, torque, and direction of a power source. Gears of different sizes produce a change in torque, creating a mechanical advantage, through their gear ratio, and thus may be considered a simple machine. The rotational speeds,
and the torques, of two meshing gears differ in proportion to their
diameters. The teeth on the two meshing gears all have the same shape.[1]
Two or more meshing gears, working in a sequence, are called a gear train or a transmission. The gears in a transmission are analogous to the wheels in a crossed, belt pulley
system. An advantage of gears is that the teeth of a gear prevent
slippage. In transmissions with multiple gear ratios—such as bicycles,
motorcycles, and cars—the term "gear" (e.g., "first gear") refers to a
gear ratio rather than an actual physical gear. The term describes
similar devices, even when the gear ratio is continuous rather than
discrete, or when the device does not actually contain gears, as in a continuously variable transmission.
Thousands of years prior to Xenogears, the Wave Existence
became trapped inside the Zohar during the initial test of the Deus
System, and became inseparable from Deus. However, the Wave Existence
and Deus seek separate things. The Wave Existence wishes to return to
its higher dimension, while Deus seeks to produce the human bodies it
needs to complete its body at all costs.
The Wave Existence is responsible for the energy that powers the Gears and people's ether abilities, which is why the Zohar appeared to be the main source of power.
The biblical account continues that, after its creation by Moses, the Ark was carried by the Israelites
during their 40 years of wandering in the desert. Whenever the
Israelites camped, the Ark was placed in a separate room in a sacred tent, called the Tabernacle.
When the Israelites, led by Joshua toward the Promised Land, arrived at the banks of the Jordan river, the Ark was carried in the lead preceding the people and was the signal for their advance.[13][14]
During the crossing, the river grew dry as soon as the feet of the
priests carrying the Ark touched its waters, and remained so until the
priests—with the Ark—left the river after the people had passed over.[15][16][17][18] As memorials, twelve stones were taken from the Jordan at the place where the priests had stood.[19]
In the Battle of Jericho, the Ark was carried round the city once a day for six days, preceded by the armed men and seven priests sounding seven trumpets of rams' horns.[20]
On the seventh day, the seven priests sounding the seven trumpets of
rams' horns before the Ark compassed the city seven times and, with a
great shout, Jericho's wall fell down flat and the people took the city.[21] After the defeat at Ai, Joshua lamented before the Ark.[22] When Joshua read the Law to the people between Mount Gerizim and Mount Ebal, they stood on each side of the Ark. We next hear of the Ark in Bethel where it was being cared for by the priest Phineas the grandson of Aaron (where 'Bethel' is translated 'the House of God' in the King James Version).[23] According to this verse it was consulted by the people of Israel when they were planning to attack the Benjaminites at the battle of Gibeah. Later the Ark was kept at Shiloh, another religious centre some 16 km (10 mi) north of Bethel, at the time of the prophet Samuel's apprenticeship,[24] where it was cared for by Hophni and Phinehas, two sons of Eli.
In Ancient Greece, the concept of autochthones (from Ancient Greek αὐτός autos "self," and χθών chthon
"soil"; i.e. "people sprung from earth itself") means the original
inhabitants of a country as opposed to settlers, and those of their
descendants who kept themselves free from an admixture of foreign
peoples.
In mythology, autochthones are those mortals who have sprung from
the soil, rocks and trees. They are rooted and belong to the land
eternally.
An autochthon is not the same as the offspring of Gaia, called gegenes (earth-born), although later the terms have been conflated.
The practice in ancient Greece of describing legendary heroes and
men of ancient lineage as "earthborn" greatly strengthened the doctrine
of autochthony. In Thebes, the race of Spartoi
were believed to have sprung from a field sown with dragons' teeth. The
Phrygian Corybantes had been forced out of the hill-side like trees by
Rhea, the great mother, and hence were called δενδροφυεῖς. It is clear
from the Ancient Greek play Prometheus Bound, commonly attributed to Aeschylus,
that primitive men were supposed to have at first lived like animals in
caves and woods, till by the help of the gods and heroes they were
raised to a stage of civilization.
Jinn is an Arabiccollective noun deriving from the Semitic root JNN (Arabic: جَنّ / جُنّ, jann),
whose primary meaning is "to hide" or "to adapt". Some authors
interpret the word to mean, literally, "beings that are concealed from
the senses".[7]Cognates include the Arabicmajnūn (مَجْنُون, "possessed", or generally "insane"), jannah (جَنَّة, "garden", "eden" also “heaven”), and janīn (جَنِين, "embryo").[8]Jinn is properly treated as a plural (however in Classical Arabic, may also appear as jānnجَانّ), with the singular being jinnī (جِنِّيّ). [b]
The origin of the word jinn remains uncertain.[2]
Some scholars relate the Arabic term jinn to the Latin genius, as a
result of syncretism during the reign of the Roman empire under Tiberius Augustus,[9] but this derivation is also disputed.[10] Another suggestion holds that jinn may be derived from Aramaic "ginnaya" (Classical Syriac: ܓܢܬܐ) with the meaning of "tutelary deity",[11] or also "garden". Others claim a Persian origin of the word, in the form of the Avestic
"Jaini", a wicked (female) spirit. Jaini were among various creatures
in the possibly even pre-Zoroastrian mythology of peoples of Iran.
The Anglicized form genie is a borrowing of the French génie, from the Latingenius, a guardian spirit of people and places in Roman religion. It first appeared[14] in 18th-century translations of the Thousand and One Nights from the French,[15]
where it had been used owing to its rough similarity in sound and sense
and further applies to benevolent intermediary spirits, in contrast to
the malevolent spirits called demon and heavenly angels, in literature.[16] In Assyrian art, creatures ontologically between humans and divinities are also called genie.
Wave Existence
became trapped inside the Zohar during the initial test of the Deus
System, and became inseparable from Deus. However, the Wave Existence
and Deus seek separate things. The Wave Existence wishes to return to
its higher dimension, while Deus seeks to produce the human bodies it
needs to complete its body at all costs.
Decomposition is the process by which dead organic substances are broken down into simpler organic or inorganic matter such as carbon dioxide, water, simple sugars and mineral salts. The process is a part of the nutrient cycle and is essential for recycling the finite matter that occupies physical space in the biosphere.
Exposure to the elements
A
dead body that has been exposed to the open elements, such as water and
air, will decompose more quickly and attract much more insect
activity than a body that is buried or confined in special protective
gear or artifacts. This is due, in part, to the limited number of
insects that can penetrate a coffin and the lower temperatures under the
soil.
The rate and manner of decomposition in an animal body are
strongly affected by several factors. In roughly descending degrees of
importance[citation needed], they are:
Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay, radioactivity, radioactive disintegration or nuclear disintegration) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by radiation. A material containing unstable nuclei is considered radioactive.
Three of the most common types of decay are alpha decay, beta decay,
and gamma decay, all of which involve emitting one or more particles or photons. The weak force is the mechanism that is responsible for beta decay.[1]
Radioactive decay is a stochastic (i.e. random) process at the level of single atoms. According to quantum theory, it is impossible to predict when a particular atom will decay, regardless of how long the atom has existed.[2][3][4] However, for a significant number of identical atoms, the overall decay rate can be expressed as a decay constant or as half-life. The half-lives of radioactive atoms have a huge range; from nearly instantaneous to far longer than the age of the universe.
The decaying nucleus is called the parent radionuclide (or parent radioisotope[note 1]), and the process produces at least one daughter nuclide. Except for gamma decay or internal conversion from a nuclear excited state, the decay is a nuclear transmutation resulting in a daughter containing a different number of protons or neutrons (or both). When the number of protons changes, an atom of a different chemical element is created.
Alpha decay occurs when the nucleus ejects an alpha particle (helium nucleus).
(i) beta-minus decay, when the nucleus emits an electron and an antineutrino in a process that changes a neutron to a proton.
(ii) beta-plus decay, when the nucleus emits a positron and a neutrino in a process that changes a proton to a neutron, this process is also known as positron emission.
In gamma decay
a radioactive nucleus first decays by the emission of an alpha or beta
particle. The daughter nucleus that results is usually left in an
excited state and it can decay to a lower energy state by emitting a
gamma ray photon.
In neutron emission, extremely neutron-rich nuclei, formed due to other types of decay or after many successive neutron captures, occasionally lose energy by way of neutron emission, resulting in a change from one isotope to another of the same element.
In electron capture,
the nucleus may capture an orbiting electron, causing a proton to
convert into a neutron in a process called electron capture. A neutrino
and a gamma ray is subsequently emitted.
Belief in jinn is not included among the six articles of Islamic faith, as belief in angels is, however at least many Muslim scholars believe it essential to the Islamic faith.[32][33]
In Quranic interpretation, the term jinn can be used in two different ways:
As invisible entities, who roamed the earth before Adam, created by God out of a "smokeless fire"
Plasma (from Ancient Greekπλάσμα 'moldable substance'[1]) is one of the four fundamental states of matter, and was first described by chemist Irving Langmuir[2] in the 1920s.[3] It consists of a gas of ions – atoms which have some of their orbital electrons removed – and free electrons. Plasma can be artificially generated by heating a neutral gas or subjecting it to a strong electromagnetic field to the point where an ionized gaseous substance becomes increasingly electrically conductive.
The resulting charged ions and electrons become influenced by
long-range electromagnetic fields, making the plasma dynamics more
sensitive to these fields than a neutral gas.[4]
Plasma and ionized gases have properties and behaviours unlike those of the other states, and the transition between them is mostly a matter of nomenclature[2] and subject to interpretation.[5] Based on the temperature and density of the environment that contains a plasma, partially ionized or fully ionized forms of plasma may be produced. Neon signs and lightning are examples of partially ionized plasmas.[6] The Earth's ionosphere is a plasma and the magnetosphere contains plasma in the Earth's surrounding space environment. The interior of the Sun is an example of fully ionized plasma,[7] along with the solar corona[8] and stars.[9]
Positive charges in ions are achieved by stripping away electrons
orbiting the atomic nuclei, where the total number of electrons removed
is related to either increasing temperature or the local density of
other ionized matter. This also can be accompanied by the dissociation
of molecular bonds,[10] though this process is distinctly different from chemical processes of ion interactions in liquids or the behaviour of shared ions in metals. The response of plasma to electromagnetic fields is used in many modern technological devices, such as plasma televisions or plasma etching.[11]
The word plasma comes from Ancient Greekπλάσμα 'moldable substance'[1] or 'jelly',[2]
and describes the behaviour of the ionized atomic nuclei and the
electrons within the surrounding region of the plasma. Very simply, each
of these nuclei are suspended in a movable sea of electrons. Plasma was
first identified in a Crookes tube, and so described by Sir William Crookes in 1879 (he called it "radiant matter").[14] The nature of this "cathode ray" matter was subsequently identified by British physicist Sir J.J. Thomson in 1897.[15]
The term "plasma" was introduced as a description of ionized gas by Irving Langmuir in 1928.[16]Lewi Tonks
and Harold Mott-Smith, both of whom worked with Irving Langmuir in the
1920s, recall that Langmuir first used the word "plasma" in analogy with
blood.[17][18]
Mott-Smith recalls, in particular, that the transport of electrons from
thermionic filaments reminded Langmuir of "the way blood plasma carries
red and white corpuscles and germs."[19]
Langmuir described the plasma he observed as follows:
"Except near the electrodes, where there are sheaths
containing very few electrons, the ionized gas contains ions and
electrons in about equal numbers so that the resultant space charge is
very small. We shall use the name plasma to describe this region containing balanced charges of ions and electrons."
They are believed to resemble humans in that they eat and drink,
have children and die, are subject to judgment, so will either be sent
to heaven or hell according to their deeds,[34] but they were much faster and stronger than humans.[35] This jinn are distinct from an angelic tribe called Al-jinn, named after Jannah (the Gardens), heavenly creatures created out of the fires of samūm (Arabic: سَمُوم, "poisonous fire") noted in SurahAl-Waqi'ah in the Qur'an,
in contrast to the genus of jinn created out of mixture of fire, who
waged war against the genus of jinn and regarded as able to sin, unlike
their light created counterpart.[36][37]
As the opposite of al-Ins (something in shape) referring to any object that cannot be detected by human sensory organs, including angels, demons
and the interior of human beings. Accordingly, every demon and every
angel is also a jinn, but not every jinn is an angel or a demon.[38][39][40][41]Al-Jahiz categorizes the jinn in his work Kitab al-Hayawan
as follows: "If he is pure, clean, untouched by any defilement, being
entirely good, he is an angel, if he is faithless, dishonest, hostile,
wicked, he is demon, if he succeeds in supporting an edifice, lifting a
heavy weight and listening at the doors of Heaven he is a marid and if he more than this, he is an ifrit".[42]
Related to common traditions, the angels were created on Wednesday,
the jinn on Thursday and humans on Friday, but not the very next day,
rather more than 1000 years later, respectively.[43]
The community of the jinn race were like those of humans, but then
corruption and injustice among them increased and all warnings sent by
God were ignored. Consequently, God sent his angels to battle the
infidel jinn. Just a few survived, and were ousted to far islands or to
the mountains. With the revelation of Islam, the jinn were given a new chance to access salvation.[31][44][45]
But because of their prior creation, the jinn would attribute
themselves to a superiority over humans and envy them for their place
and rank on earth.[46] The different jinn known in Islamic folklore are disregarded among most mufassirs - authors of tafsir,
Tabari being an exception, yet he is not specific about them, probably
due to lack of theological significance. However, since Tabari is one of
the earliest commentators, the several jinn have been known.
Comments
God’s Covenant with David
7 Now when the king was settled in his house, and the Lord had given him rest from all his enemies around him, 2 the king said to the prophet Nathan, “See now, I am living in a house of cedar, but the ark of God stays in a tent.” 3 Nathan said to the king, “Go, do all that you have in mind; for the Lord is with you.”
4 But that same night the word of the Lord came to Nathan: 5 Go and tell my servant David: Thus says the Lord: Are you the one to build me a house to live in? 6 I have not lived in a house since the day I brought up the people of Israel from Egypt to this day, but I have been moving about in a tent and a tabernacle. 7 Wherever I have moved about among all the people of Israel, did I ever speak a word with any of the tribal leaders[a] of Israel, whom I commanded to shepherd my people Israel, saying, “Why have you not built me a house of cedar?” 8 Now therefore thus you shall say to my servant David: Thus says the Lord of hosts: I took you from the pasture, from following the sheep to be prince over my people Israel; 9 and I have been with you wherever you went, and have cut off all your enemies from before you; and I will make for you a great name, like the name of the great ones of the earth. 10 And I will appoint a place for my people Israel and will plant them, so that they may live in their own place, and be disturbed no more; and evildoers shall afflict them no more, as formerly, 11 from the time that I appointed judges over my people Israel; and I will give you rest from all your enemies. Moreover the Lord declares to you that the Lord will make you a house. 12 When your days are fulfilled and you lie down with your ancestors, I will raise up your offspring after you, who shall come forth from your body, and I will establish his kingdom. 13 He shall build a house for my name, and I will establish the throne of his kingdom forever. 14 I will be a father to him, and he shall be a son to me. When he commits iniquity, I will punish him with a rod such as mortals use, with blows inflicted by human beings. 15 But I will not take[b] my steadfast love from him, as I took it from Saul, whom I put away from before you. 16 Your house and your kingdom shall be made sure forever before me;[c] your throne shall be established forever. 17 In accordance with all these words and with all this vision, Nathan spoke to David.
Isaiah 45
Cyrus, God’s Instrument
45 Thus says the Lord to his anointed, to Cyrus,
whose right hand I have grasped
to subdue nations before him
and strip kings of their robes,
to open doors before him—
and the gates shall not be closed:
2 I will go before you
and level the mountains,[a]
I will break in pieces the doors of bronze
and cut through the bars of iron,
3 I will give you the treasures of darkness
and riches hidden in secret places,
so that you may know that it is I, the Lord,
the God of Israel, who call you by your name.
4 For the sake of my servant Jacob,
and Israel my chosen,
I call you by your name,
I surname you, though you do not know me.
5 I am the Lord, and there is no other;
besides me there is no god.
I arm you, though you do not know me,
6 so that they may know, from the rising of the sun
and from the west, that there is no one besides me;
I am the Lord, and there is no other.
7 I form light and create darkness,
I make weal and create woe;
I the Lord do all these things.
8 Shower, O heavens, from above,
and let the skies rain down righteousness;
let the earth open, that salvation may spring up,[b]
and let it cause righteousness to sprout up also;
I the Lord have created it.
King of Kings (Akkadian: šar šarrāni;[1] Old Persian: Xšâyathiya Xšâyathiyânâm;[2] Middle Persian: šāhān šāh;[3] Modern Persian: شاهنشاه, Šâhanšâh; Greek: Βασιλεὺς Βασιλέων, Basileùs Basiléōn;[4] Armenian: արքայից արքա, ark'ayits ark'a; Georgian: მეფეთ მეფე, Mepet mepe;[5] Ge'ez: ንጉሠ ነገሥት, Nəgusä Nägäst[6]) was a ruling title employed primarily by monarchs based in the Middle East. Though most commonly associated with Iran (historically known as Persia in the West[7]), especially the Achaemenid and Sasanian Empires, the title was originally introduced during the Middle Assyrian Empire by king Tukulti-Ninurta I (reigned 1233–1197 BC) and was subsequently used in a number of different kingdoms and empires, including the aforementioned Persia, various Hellenic kingdoms, Armenia, Georgia and Ethiopia.
The title is commonly seen as equivalent to that of Emperor, both titles outranking that of king in prestige, stemming from the medieval Byzantine emperors who saw the Shahanshahs of the Sasanian Empire as their equals. The last reigning monarchs to use the title of Shahanshah, those of the Pahlavi dynasty in Iran (1925–1979), also equated the title with "Emperor". The rulers of the Ethiopian Empire used the title of Nəgusä Nägäst (literally "King of Kings"), which was officially translated into "Emperor". The female variant of the title, as used by the Ethiopian Zewditu, was Queen of Kings (Ge'ez: Nəgəstä Nägäst). In the Sasanian Empire, the female variant used was Queen of Queens (Middle Persian: bānbishnān bānbishn).
King of the Four Corners of the World (Sumerian: lugal-an-ub-da-limmu-ba,[1] Akkadian: šarru kibrat 'arbaim,[2] šar kibrāti arba'i,[3] or šar kibrāt erbetti[4]), alternatively translated as King of the Four Quarters of the World, King of the Heaven's Four Corners or King of the Four Corners of the Universe[5] and often shortened to simply King of the Four Corners,[3][6] was a title of great prestige claimed by powerful monarchs in ancient Mesopotamia. Though the term "four corners of the world" does refer to specific geographical places within and near Mesopotamia itself, these places were at the time the title was first used thought to represent locations near the actual edges of the world and as such, the title should be interpreted as something equivalent to "King of all the known world", a claim to universal rule over the entire world and everything within it.
The title was first used by Naram-Sin of the Akkadian Empire in the 23rd century BC and was later used by the rulers of the Neo-Sumerian Empire, after which it fell into disuse. It was revived as a title by a number of Assyrian rulers, becoming especially prominent during the Neo-Assyrian Empire. The final ruler to claim the title was the first Persian Achaemenid king, Cyrus the Great, after his conquest of Babylon in 539 BC.
It is possible, at least among Assyrian rulers, that the title of King of the Four Corners was not inherited through normal means. As the title is not attested for all Neo-Assyrian kings and for some only attested several years into their reign it is possible that it might have had to be earned by each king individually, possibly through completing successful military campaigns in all four points of the compass. The similar title of šar kiššatim ("King of Everything" or "King of the Universe"), also with Akkadian origins and attested for some of the Neo-Assyrian kings, may have required seven successful military campaigns. The difference between the exact meaning of the two titles may have been that "King of the Universe" laid claim to the cosmological realm whereas "King of the Four Corners of the World" laid claim to the terrestrial.
Ball lightning is an unexplained phenomenon described as luminescent, spherical objects that vary from pea-sized to several meters in diameter. Though usually associated with thunderstorms, the phenomenon is said to last considerably longer than the split-second flash of a lightning bolt. Some nineteenth century reports[1][2] describe balls that eventually explode and leave behind an odor of sulfur. Descriptions of ball lightning appear in a variety of accounts over the centuries, and have received much attention from scientists.[3] An optical spectrum of what appears to have been a ball-lightning event was published in January 2014, and included a video at high frame-rate.[4][5] Laboratory experiments have produced effects that are visually similar to reports of ball lightning, but how these relate to the supposed phenomenon remains unclear.[6][7]
Proposed scientific explanations
There is at present no widely accepted explanation for ball lightning. Several hypotheses have been advanced since the phenomenon was brought into the scientific realm by the English physician and electrical researcher William Snow Harris in 1843,[61] and French Academy scientist François Arago in 1855.[62]
Vaporized silicon hypothesis
This hypothesis suggests that ball lightning consists of vaporized silicon burning through oxidation. Lightning striking Earth's soil could vaporize the silica contained within it, and somehow separate the oxygen from the silicon dioxide, turning it into pure silicon vapor. As it cools, the silicon could condense into a floating aerosol, bound by its charge, glowing due to the heat of silicon recombining with oxygen. An experimental investigation of this effect, published in 2007, reported producing "luminous balls with lifetime in the order of seconds" by evaporating pure silicon with an electric arc.[60][63][64] Videos and spectrographs of this experiment have been made available.[65][66] This hypothesis got significant supportive data in 2014, when the first ever recorded spectra of natural ball lightning were published.[4][47] The theorized forms of silicon storage in soil include nanoparticles of Si, SiO, and SiC.[67] Matthew Francis has dubbed this the "dirt clod hypothesis", in which the spectrum of ball lightning shows that it shares chemistry with soil.[68]
Electrically charged solid-core model
In this model ball lightning is assumed to have a solid, positively charged core. According to this underlying assumption, the core is surrounded by a thin electron layer with a charge nearly equal in magnitude to that of the core. A vacuum exists between the core and the electron layer containing an intense electromagnetic (EM) field, which is reflected and guided by the electron layer. The microwave EM field applies a ponderomotive force (radiation pressure) to the electrons preventing them from falling into the core.[69][70]
Microwave cavity hypothesis
Pyotr Kapitsa proposed that ball lightning is a glow discharge driven by microwave radiation that is guided to the ball along lines of ionized air from lightning clouds where it is produced. The ball serves as a resonant microwave cavity, automatically adjusting its radius to the wavelength of the microwave radiation so that resonance is maintained.[71][72]
The Handel Maser-Soliton theory of ball lightning hypothesizes that the energy source generating the ball lightning is a large (several cubic kilometers) atmospheric maser. The ball lightning appears as a plasma caviton at the antinodal plane of the microwave radiation from the maser.[73]
In 2017, Researchers from Zhejiang University in Hangzhou, China, have proposed that the bright glow of lightning balls is created when microwaves become trapped inside a plasma bubble. At the tip of a lightning stroke reaching the ground, a relativistic electron bunch can be produced when in contact with microwave radiation. [74] The latter ionizes the local air and the radiation pressure evacuates the resulting plasma, forming a spherical plasma bubble that stably traps the radiation. Microwaves trapped inside the ball continue to generate plasma for a moment to maintain the bright flashes described in observer accounts. The ball eventually fades as the radiation held within the bubble starts to decay and microwaves are discharged from the sphere. The lightning balls can dramatically explode as the structure destabilizes. The theory could explain many of the strange characteristics of ball lightning. For instance, microwaves are able to pass through glass, which helps to explain why balls could be formed indoors.
Soliton hypothesis
Julio Rubinstein,[75] David Finkelstein, and James R. Powell proposed that ball lightning is a detached St. Elmo's fire (1964–1970).[citation needed] St. Elmo's fire arises when a sharp conductor, such as a ship's mast, amplifies the atmospheric electric field to breakdown. For a globe the amplification factor is 3. A free ball of ionized[further explanation needed] air can amplify the ambient field this much by its own conductivity. When this maintains the ionization, the ball is then a soliton in the flow of atmospheric electricity.
Powell's kinetic theory calculation found that the ball size is set by the second Townsend coefficient (the mean free path of conduction electrons) near breakdown. Wandering glow discharges are found to occur within certain industrial microwave ovens and continue to glow for several seconds after power is shut off. Arcs drawn from high-power low-voltage microwave generators also are found to exhibit afterglow. Powell measured their spectra, and found that the after-glow comes mostly from metastable NO ions, which are long-lived at low temperatures. It occurred in air and in nitrous oxide, which possess such metastable ions, and not in atmospheres of argon, carbon dioxide, or helium, which do not.
The soliton model of a ball lightning was further developed.[76][77][78] It was suggested that a ball lightning is based on spherically symmetric nonlinear oscillations of charged particles in plasma – the analogue of a spatial Langmuir soliton.[79] These oscillations were described in both classical[77][78] and quantum[76][80] approaches. It was found that the most intense plasma oscillations occur in the central regions of a ball lightning. It is suggested that bound states of radially oscillating charged particles with oppositely oriented spins – the analogue of Cooper pairs – can appear inside a ball lightning.[80][81] This phenomenon, in its turn, can lead to a superconducting phase in a ball lightning. The idea of the superconductivity in a ball lightning was considered earlier.[82][83] The possibility of the existence of a ball lightning with a composite core was also discussed in this model.
Hydrodynamic vortex ring antisymmetry
Physicist Domokos Tar suggested the following theory for ball lightning formation based on his ball lightning observation.[35][85] Lightning strikes perpendicular to the ground, and thunder follows immediately at supersonic speed in the form of shock waves[37] that form an invisible aerodynamic turbulence ring horizontal to the ground. Around the ring, over and under pressure systems rotate the vortex around a circular axis in the cross section of the torus. At the same time, the ring expands concentrically parallel to the ground at low speed.
In an open space, the vortex fades and finally disappears. If the vortex's expansion is obstructed, and symmetry is broken, the vortex breaks into cyclical form. Still invisible, and due to the central and surface tension-forces, it shrinks to an intermediate state of a cylinder, and finally into a ball. The resulting transformation subsequently becomes visible once the energy is concentrated into the final spherical stage.
The ball lightning has the same rotational axis as the rotating cylinder. As the vortex has a much smaller vector of energy compared to the overall energy of the reactant sonic shock wave, its vector is likely fractional to the overall reaction. The vortex, during contraction, gives the majority of its energy to form the ball lightning, achieving nominal energy loss.
In some observations, the ball lightning appeared to have an extremely high energy concentration[85] but this phenomenon hasn't been adequately verified. The present theory concerns only the low energy lightning ball form, with centripetal forces and surface tension. The visibility of the ball lightning can be associated with electroluminescence, a direct result of the triboelectric effect from materials within the area of the reaction. Static discharge from the cylindrical stage imply the existence of contact electrification within the object. The direction of the discharges indicate the cylinder's rotation, and resulting rotational axis of the ball lightning in accordance to the law of laminar flow. If the ball came from the channel, it would have rotated in the opposite direction.
One theory that may account for the wide spectrum of observational evidence is the idea of combustion inside the low-velocity region of spherical vortex breakdown of a natural vortex[vague] (e.g., the 'Hill's spherical vortex').Nanobattery hypothesis
Oleg Meshcheryakov suggests that ball lightning is made of composite nano or submicrometer particles—each particle constituting a battery. A surface discharge shorts these batteries, causing a current that forms the ball. His model is described as an aerosol model that explains all the observable properties and processes of ball lightning.[87][88]
Buoyant plasma hypothesis
The declassified Project Condign report concludes that buoyant charged plasma formations similar to ball lightning are formed by novel physical, electrical, and magnetic phenomena, and that these charged plasmas are capable of being transported at enormous speeds under the influence and balance of electrical charges in the atmosphere. These plasmas appear to originate due to more than one set of weather and electrically charged conditions, the scientific rationale for which is incomplete or not fully understood. One suggestion is that meteors breaking up in the atmosphere and forming charged plasmas as opposed to burning completely or impacting as meteorites could explain some instances of the phenomena, in addition to other unknown atmospheric events.[89]
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
Cooray and Cooray (2008)[90] stated that the features of hallucinations experienced by patients having epileptic seizures in the occipital lobe are similar to the observed features of ball lightning. The study also showed that the rapidly changing magnetic field of a close lightning flash is strong enough to excite the neurons in the brain. This strengthens the possibility of lightning-induced seizure in the occipital lobe of a person close to a lightning strike, establishing the connection between epileptic hallucination mimicking ball lightning and thunderstorms.
More recent research with transcranial magnetic stimulation has been shown to give the same hallucination results in the laboratory (termed magnetophosphenes), and these conditions have been shown to occur in nature near lightning strikes.[91][92] This hypothesis fails to explain observed physical damage caused by ball lightning or simultaneous observation by multiple witnesses. (At the very least, observations would differ substantially.)[citation needed]
Theoretical calculations from University of Innsbruck researchers suggest that the magnetic fields involved in certain types of lightning strikes could potentially induce visual hallucinations resembling ball lightning.[91] Such fields, which are found within close distances to a point in which multiple lightning strikes have occurred over a few seconds, can directly cause the neurons in the visual cortex to fire, resulting in magnetophosphenes (magnetically induced visual hallucinations).[93]
Spinning plasma toroid (ring)
Seward proposes that ball lightning is a spinning plasma toroid or ring. He built a lab that produces lightning level arcs, and by modifying the conditions he produced bright, small balls that mimic ball lightning and persist in atmosphere after the arc ends. Using a high speed camera he was able to show that the bright balls were spinning plasma toroids.[94]
Chen was able to derive the physics and found that there is a class of plasma toroids that remain stable with or without an external magnetic containment, a new plasma configuration unlike anything reported elsewhere.[95]
Seward published images of the results of his experiments, along with his method. Included is a report by a farmer of observing a ball lightning event forming in a kitchen and the effects it caused as it moved around the kitchen. This is the only eye witness account of ball lightning forming, then staying in one area, then ending that the author has heard of.
Rydberg matter concept
Manykin et al. have suggested atmospheric Rydberg matter as an explanation of ball lightning phenomena.[97] Rydberg matter is a condensed form of highly excited atoms in many aspects similar to electron-hole droplets in semiconductors.[98][99] However, in contrast to electron-hole droplets, Rydberg matter has an extended life-time—as long as hours. This condensed excited state of matter is supported by experiments, mainly of a group led by Holmlid.[100] It is similar to a liquid or solid state of matter with extremely low (gas-like) density. Lumps of atmospheric Rydberg matter can result from condensation of highly excited atoms that form by atmospheric electrical phenomena, mainly due to linear lightning. Stimulated decay of Rydberg matter clouds can, however, take the form of an avalanche, and so appear as an explosion.
Vacuum hypothesis
Nikola Tesla (1899 December) theorized that the balls consist of highly rarefied (but hot) gas.[49]
Other hypotheses
Several other hypotheses have been proposed to explain ball lightning:
Zohar... It is what drives all of the Gears on this planet. It is the master generator that transmits its energy to the slave generators in our Gears. It is also the source of all the Ether power that the inhabitants of this planet utilize. By utilizing the energy displacements caused by actualizing potential future phenomenon... this 'Zohar Modifier' has the ability to produce infinite amounts of energy.
A gear is a rotating circular machine part having cut teeth or, in the case of a cogwheel or gearwheel, inserted teeth (called cogs), which mesh with another toothed part to transmit torque. A gear may also be known informally as a cog. Geared devices can change the speed, torque, and direction of a power source. Gears of different sizes produce a change in torque, creating a mechanical advantage, through their gear ratio, and thus may be considered a simple machine. The rotational speeds, and the torques, of two meshing gears differ in proportion to their diameters. The teeth on the two meshing gears all have the same shape.[1]
Two or more meshing gears, working in a sequence, are called a gear train or a transmission. The gears in a transmission are analogous to the wheels in a crossed, belt pulley system. An advantage of gears is that the teeth of a gear prevent slippage. In transmissions with multiple gear ratios—such as bicycles, motorcycles, and cars—the term "gear" (e.g., "first gear") refers to a gear ratio rather than an actual physical gear. The term describes similar devices, even when the gear ratio is continuous rather than discrete, or when the device does not actually contain gears, as in a continuously variable transmission.Thousands of years prior to Xenogears, the Wave Existence became trapped inside the Zohar during the initial test of the Deus System, and became inseparable from Deus. However, the Wave Existence and Deus seek separate things. The Wave Existence wishes to return to its higher dimension, while Deus seeks to produce the human bodies it needs to complete its body at all costs.
The Wave Existence is responsible for the energy that powers the Gears and people's ether abilities, which is why the Zohar appeared to be the main source of power.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark_of_the_CovenantThe biblical account continues that, after its creation by Moses, the Ark was carried by the Israelites during their 40 years of wandering in the desert. Whenever the Israelites camped, the Ark was placed in a separate room in a sacred tent, called the Tabernacle.
When the Israelites, led by Joshua toward the Promised Land, arrived at the banks of the Jordan river, the Ark was carried in the lead preceding the people and was the signal for their advance.[13][14] During the crossing, the river grew dry as soon as the feet of the priests carrying the Ark touched its waters, and remained so until the priests—with the Ark—left the river after the people had passed over.[15][16][17][18] As memorials, twelve stones were taken from the Jordan at the place where the priests had stood.[19]
In the Battle of Jericho, the Ark was carried round the city once a day for six days, preceded by the armed men and seven priests sounding seven trumpets of rams' horns.[20] On the seventh day, the seven priests sounding the seven trumpets of rams' horns before the Ark compassed the city seven times and, with a great shout, Jericho's wall fell down flat and the people took the city.[21] After the defeat at Ai, Joshua lamented before the Ark.[22] When Joshua read the Law to the people between Mount Gerizim and Mount Ebal, they stood on each side of the Ark. We next hear of the Ark in Bethel where it was being cared for by the priest Phineas the grandson of Aaron (where 'Bethel' is translated 'the House of God' in the King James Version).[23] According to this verse it was consulted by the people of Israel when they were planning to attack the Benjaminites at the battle of Gibeah. Later the Ark was kept at Shiloh, another religious centre some 16 km (10 mi) north of Bethel, at the time of the prophet Samuel's apprenticeship,[24] where it was cared for by Hophni and Phinehas, two sons of Eli.In Ancient Greece, the concept of autochthones (from Ancient Greek αὐτός autos "self," and χθών chthon "soil"; i.e. "people sprung from earth itself") means the original inhabitants of a country as opposed to settlers, and those of their descendants who kept themselves free from an admixture of foreign peoples.
In mythology, autochthones are those mortals who have sprung from the soil, rocks and trees. They are rooted and belong to the land eternally.
Autochthons are reported in the mythology of the following regions: In Attica: Amphictyon, Cecrops I, Cranaus, Erichthonius, Periphas. In Boeotia: Ogyges, Alalcomenes, Spartoi. In the Peloponese: Pelasgus of Arcadia, Lelex of Laconia and Aras of Phliasia. Finally, in Atlantis, Evenor.
The practice in ancient Greece of describing legendary heroes and men of ancient lineage as "earthborn" greatly strengthened the doctrine of autochthony. In Thebes, the race of Spartoi were believed to have sprung from a field sown with dragons' teeth. The Phrygian Corybantes had been forced out of the hill-side like trees by Rhea, the great mother, and hence were called δενδροφυεῖς. It is clear from the Ancient Greek play Prometheus Bound, commonly attributed to Aeschylus, that primitive men were supposed to have at first lived like animals in caves and woods, till by the help of the gods and heroes they were raised to a stage of civilization.Jinn is an Arabic collective noun deriving from the Semitic root JNN (Arabic: جَنّ / جُنّ, jann), whose primary meaning is "to hide" or "to adapt". Some authors interpret the word to mean, literally, "beings that are concealed from the senses".[7] Cognates include the Arabic majnūn (مَجْنُون, "possessed", or generally "insane"), jannah (جَنَّة, "garden", "eden" also “heaven”), and janīn (جَنِين, "embryo").[8] Jinn is properly treated as a plural (however in Classical Arabic, may also appear as jānn جَانّ), with the singular being jinnī (جِنِّيّ). [b]
Exposure to the elements
A dead body that has been exposed to the open elements, such as water and air, will decompose more quickly and attract much more insect activity than a body that is buried or confined in special protective gear or artifacts. This is due, in part, to the limited number of insects that can penetrate a coffin and the lower temperatures under the soil.
The rate and manner of decomposition in an animal body are strongly affected by several factors. In roughly descending degrees of importance[citation needed], they are:
Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay, radioactivity, radioactive disintegration or nuclear disintegration) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by radiation. A material containing unstable nuclei is considered radioactive. Three of the most common types of decay are alpha decay, beta decay, and gamma decay, all of which involve emitting one or more particles or photons. The weak force is the mechanism that is responsible for beta decay.[1]
Radioactive decay is a stochastic (i.e. random) process at the level of single atoms. According to quantum theory, it is impossible to predict when a particular atom will decay, regardless of how long the atom has existed.[2][3][4] However, for a significant number of identical atoms, the overall decay rate can be expressed as a decay constant or as half-life. The half-lives of radioactive atoms have a huge range; from nearly instantaneous to far longer than the age of the universe.
The decaying nucleus is called the parent radionuclide (or parent radioisotope[note 1]), and the process produces at least one daughter nuclide. Except for gamma decay or internal conversion from a nuclear excited state, the decay is a nuclear transmutation resulting in a daughter containing a different number of protons or neutrons (or both). When the number of protons changes, an atom of a different chemical element is created.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinn
Exegesis
Belief in jinn is not included among the six articles of Islamic faith, as belief in angels is, however at least many Muslim scholars believe it essential to the Islamic faith.[32][33] In Quranic interpretation, the term jinn can be used in two different ways:
As invisible entities, who roamed the earth before Adam, created by God out of a "smokeless fire"Plasma (from Ancient Greek πλάσμα 'moldable substance'[1]) is one of the four fundamental states of matter, and was first described by chemist Irving Langmuir[2] in the 1920s.[3] It consists of a gas of ions – atoms which have some of their orbital electrons removed – and free electrons. Plasma can be artificially generated by heating a neutral gas or subjecting it to a strong electromagnetic field to the point where an ionized gaseous substance becomes increasingly electrically conductive. The resulting charged ions and electrons become influenced by long-range electromagnetic fields, making the plasma dynamics more sensitive to these fields than a neutral gas.[4]
Plasma and ionized gases have properties and behaviours unlike those of the other states, and the transition between them is mostly a matter of nomenclature[2] and subject to interpretation.[5] Based on the temperature and density of the environment that contains a plasma, partially ionized or fully ionized forms of plasma may be produced. Neon signs and lightning are examples of partially ionized plasmas.[6] The Earth's ionosphere is a plasma and the magnetosphere contains plasma in the Earth's surrounding space environment. The interior of the Sun is an example of fully ionized plasma,[7] along with the solar corona[8] and stars.[9]
Positive charges in ions are achieved by stripping away electrons orbiting the atomic nuclei, where the total number of electrons removed is related to either increasing temperature or the local density of other ionized matter. This also can be accompanied by the dissociation of molecular bonds,[10] though this process is distinctly different from chemical processes of ion interactions in liquids or the behaviour of shared ions in metals. The response of plasma to electromagnetic fields is used in many modern technological devices, such as plasma televisions or plasma etching.[11]
Plasma may be the most abundant form of ordinary matter in the universe,[12] although this hypothesis is currently tentative based on the existence and unknown properties of dark matter. Plasma is mostly associated with stars, extending to the rarefied intracluster medium and possibly the intergalactic regions.The word plasma comes from Ancient Greek πλάσμα 'moldable substance'[1] or 'jelly',[2] and describes the behaviour of the ionized atomic nuclei and the electrons within the surrounding region of the plasma. Very simply, each of these nuclei are suspended in a movable sea of electrons. Plasma was first identified in a Crookes tube, and so described by Sir William Crookes in 1879 (he called it "radiant matter").[14] The nature of this "cathode ray" matter was subsequently identified by British physicist Sir J.J. Thomson in 1897.[15]
The term "plasma" was introduced as a description of ionized gas by Irving Langmuir in 1928.[16] Lewi Tonks and Harold Mott-Smith, both of whom worked with Irving Langmuir in the 1920s, recall that Langmuir first used the word "plasma" in analogy with blood.[17][18] Mott-Smith recalls, in particular, that the transport of electrons from thermionic filaments reminded Langmuir of "the way blood plasma carries red and white corpuscles and germs."[19]
Langmuir described the plasma he observed as follows:
- They are believed to resemble humans in that they eat and drink,
have children and die, are subject to judgment, so will either be sent
to heaven or hell according to their deeds,[34] but they were much faster and stronger than humans.[35] This jinn are distinct from an angelic tribe called Al-jinn, named after Jannah (the Gardens), heavenly creatures created out of the fires of samūm (Arabic: سَمُوم, "poisonous fire") noted in Surah Al-Waqi'ah in the Qur'an,
in contrast to the genus of jinn created out of mixture of fire, who
waged war against the genus of jinn and regarded as able to sin, unlike
their light created counterpart.[36][37]
- As the opposite of al-Ins (something in shape) referring to any object that cannot be detected by human sensory organs, including angels, demons
and the interior of human beings. Accordingly, every demon and every
angel is also a jinn, but not every jinn is an angel or a demon.[38][39][40][41] Al-Jahiz categorizes the jinn in his work Kitab al-Hayawan
as follows: "If he is pure, clean, untouched by any defilement, being
entirely good, he is an angel, if he is faithless, dishonest, hostile,
wicked, he is demon, if he succeeds in supporting an edifice, lifting a
heavy weight and listening at the doors of Heaven he is a marid and if he more than this, he is an ifrit".[42]
Related to common traditions, the angels were created on Wednesday, the jinn on Thursday and humans on Friday, but not the very next day, rather more than 1000 years later, respectively.[43] The community of the jinn race were like those of humans, but then corruption and injustice among them increased and all warnings sent by God were ignored. Consequently, God sent his angels to battle the infidel jinn. Just a few survived, and were ousted to far islands or to the mountains. With the revelation of Islam, the jinn were given a new chance to access salvation.[31][44][45] But because of their prior creation, the jinn would attribute themselves to a superiority over humans and envy them for their place and rank on earth.[46] The different jinn known in Islamic folklore are disregarded among most mufassirs - authors of tafsir, Tabari being an exception, yet he is not specific about them, probably due to lack of theological significance. However, since Tabari is one of the earliest commentators, the several jinn have been known.